Cellular Reproduction

I. Introduction & Outline

A. Levels

1. Cellular

• nucleus; chromosomes (mitosis & meiosis)

2. Molecular

• DNA, RNA
• protein synthesis
• genetic change

3. Organismal

• inheritance
• Mendelian Genetics
• Modifications to Mendel

4. Systems

• evolution
• speciation
• diversity

II. Genetics at the Cellular Level

A. What is the role of the nucleus?

• types of Acetabularia

from: http://coexploration.org/bbsr/coral/assets/images/acetabularia.jpg

• Hammerling's Acetabularia

B. Cell division requires division of the nucleus

C. When does cell division occur?

1. surface to volume ratio

2. nuclear control: giant root cells induced by nematode infection

from: http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosI-M/multinucleate.jpg

3. chemical factors

• cell culture  cultured rat fibroblasts

from: http://www.cyagra.com/images/fibroblastcell.gif

4. physical factors

• density dependent inhibition of cell division

from: http://mil.citrus.cc.ca.us/cat2courses/bio104/ChapterNotes/images/ch8/0156l.jpg

D. What is the major requirement for cell division occurring growth?

E. How is the genetic material preserved in the resulting cells?

1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

a. chromosome

b. Where are the chromosomes found?

c. Why do eukaryotic cells require chromosomes?

d. Chromosome replication

e. When does cell division occur?

• The Cell Cycle

f. What are the stages of mitosis?

• mitosis movie from Davidson College
• mitosis animation from Cells Alive
• IPPMAT
• cytokinesis

g. Cell division during reproduction

• definition
• chromosome number varies in different cells

    -Ophioglossum

    -2N or diploid (somatic)

    -N or haploid (sex cell or gamete)

• sexual reproduction is the fusion of gametes  
• where do gametes come from?
• where in multicellular organisms does meiosis take place?

     -testes (spermatogonia-->sperm)

     -ovary (oogonia-->egg)

• what is the mechanism of meiosis
• homologous chromosomes
• stages of meiosis

F. Other Forms of Reproduction

1. Vegetative Reproduction in Plants: plantlets

2. Cloning

a. Historical Examples

• JB Gurdon
• corn plants from callus (plant cell culture)

b. Modern Cloning

• Dolly

• The Ethics of Cloning