NOTE: I have added some comments and explanations for some of the questions. These are in boldface.

Use the following information to answer questions 1-7.

Mr. J. J. J. Smith has Type A blood. His lovely wife, Mrs. Smith, has Type B blood. Mrs. Smith bears a child, who turns out to have Type O blood. Mr. Smith becomes somewhat agitated by this turn of events, especially when he discovers that the local mailman has type O blood. . .

Imagine that you are called into divorce court as an expert witness in the case of Smith vs. Smith. The attorneys ask you the following questions. (Hint: It may help to draw and label the family tree.)

1. "Based on the testimony you have heard so far, is it at all possible that Mr. Smith could be the father of the baby?"

It's possible but not certain that Mr. Smith could be the father.
If his genotype is AO and hers is BO, they could have an OO baby.

2. "What combination of alleles must the baby have in order to have Type O blood?"

OO

3. "Mrs. Smith has testified that her father had Type O blood. What combination of alleles must she be carrying?"

BO
If her father's Type O, he must have had OO alleles, and could only have given her an O allele. Since her blood type is B, her genotype must be BO.

4. "What combination of alleles must Mrs. Smith's mother have had?"

It's impossible to be certain from the information given.
She could have had AB, BB, or BO.

5. "Mr. Smith has testified that both his parents had Type AB blood. What combination of alleles must he be carrying?"

AA

6. "Now that you have heard all the information, tell the court: In your expert opinion, is this baby the legitimate offspring of Mr. and Mrs. Smith?"

Certainly not.
Barring mutations or divine intervention, there's no way that an AA man and BO woman can give birth to an OO baby. The only possible genotypes are AB and AO.

7. "Mr. Smith believes that the local postal worker is the true father of the child. In your expert opinion, is the postal worker the father?"

Possibly, but it's not certain.

8. Which of these bases is NOT found in RNA?

thymine

9. Evolution

results in life changing over time

10. Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) and Micropterus dolomieui (smallmouth bass) are usually considered separate species. What would be the best way to test this?

Try to crossbreed them

11. If you mate a true-breeding golden-furred guinea pig with a true-breeding black-furred guinea pig, the babies have tan-colored hairs with black tips. (This is called "agouti" fur.) This is an example of

incomplete dominance

12. The best definition of a fossil is:

any physical evidence, of any sort, of any past organism

13. How many possible codons are there?

64

14. A woman and man, both of whom are in good health, marry and have many children. All of their daughters are healthy, but half of their sons suffer from a genetic disorder known as muscular dystrophy (MD). Later, some of their daughters-but not all-also give birth to both normal and MD-afflicted sons. What is the best explanation for this?

The MD gene is located on the X chromosome, and the woman is a carrier.
Think: The gene must be recessive (otherwise either the man or woman, or both) would have MD). If it were not on a sex chromosome, then both would have to be carriers, and in any case both daughters and sons could be affected. So it's on a sex chromosome. If it were on the man's Y, the man would have MD, but he doesn't. Women don't have a Y. So it's on the X. If it were on the man's X, he'd have it. But he doesn't. So the woman is the carrier. Some of the couple's daughters are also carriers.

15. A geologist finds a piece of sandstone whose surface is covered with wavy markings that look just like ripples. She later sees very similar ripples forming, at a sandy beach, in shallow water at low tide. She concludes that the sandstone was also once beach sand in shallow water. This reasoning demonstrates:

the principle of uniformitarianism

16. A species' unique name, composed of two parts, such as Homo sapiens (human), Canis familiaris (domestic dog), or Zea mays (corn), is said to be

binomial

17. What did Francis Crick and James Watson demonstrate (using Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography data) in 1953?

DNA has the shape of a twisted ladder or "double helix".

18. What processes other than mutation and natural selection can cause evolutionary change?

B and C (symbiosis and genetic drift)

19. Taxonomy is that branch of biology that deals with

naming species and groups of species

The diagram below depicts a certain process inside a eukaryotic cell. Use the diagram to answer questions 20-25.

20. The process taking place is

translation

21. The structure labeled #2 is

a ribosome

22. The leafy-shaped object labeled #4 is transfer RNA. What is bonded to one end of the transfer RNA molecule, labeled #5?

an amino acid

23. What is the molecule labeled #6?

a protein

24. What process originally produced #1, and where did this process happen?

transcription, in the nucleus

25. Genes are "read" in

groups of three bases, called codons

26.What stage, in what type of cell division, does this diagram represent?

metaphase I of meiosis

27. What normally happens after the stage shown in question #26?

The chromosomes will separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

28. In which of the following human organs would you be most likely to see cells in the divisional stage shown in #26?

testicle

29. Which of the following pieces of data would probably not be useful to an evolutionary biologist studying the origin and history of the land vertebrates?

Land vertebrates include airborne forms such as birds, bats, and flying aquirrels.

30. A portion of the sense strand of a piece of DNA has the following bases:

ATTACCAATAGACCGTTTT

Which of these is the correct complementary RNA sequence?

UAAUGGUUAUCUGGCAAAA

31. Which stage of mitosis is diagrammed here?

telophase

32. What other important process is shown in the diagram in question 30?

cytokinesis

33. If you pull over on US 71 south of West Fork, Arkansas, and look at the rocks, you'll see layers of dark, crumbly, thinly-bedded shale, topped by thick beds of grey limestone, which are topped by beds of sandstone. The beds are flat, and no major faults or folds are known in the area. According to Steno's law of superposition, which of these layers is the youngest?

The sandstone.

34. There are hundreds of different cultivated roses, with different colors, numbers of petals, flower sizes and shapes, and plant shapes. These probably result from

artificial selection

35. Which of these conditions must a population fulfil in order for there to be NO change in allele frequency?

all of the above (large size, no selection, no mutation, no immigration or emigration)

36. If you cross a hybrid purple-flowered pea plant with a true-breeding white-flowered pea plant, you would expect the resulting offspring to be:

1/2 purple-flowered, 1/2 white-flowered

37. Australopithecus was a genus of primates, now extinct, with many apelike traits (square jaw, small brain, brow ridges, bony crest on skull). What could Australopithecus do that no previous primate could do?

walk upright consistently

38. Alternate forms of the same gene are known as

alleles

Once again, here is a molecular diagram of the AIDS drug AZT (a.k.a. 3'-azothymidine monophosphate). As you remember from the first exam, AZT is a nucleotide analogue. Use this diagram to answer questions 39-42.

39. Which portion of the molecule would form hydrogen bonds with DNA bases?

1, the base thymine

40. Which portions of the molecule would you expect to form the "backbone" of a DNA strand?

2 and 3

41. The presence of three nitrogen atoms at position 4 (technically called an azo-group) blocks the formation of certain bonds that hold DNA together. What kind of bonds would be blocked?

Covalent bonds between the sugars and phosphates

42. If you dose a cell with AZT, which important process/processes will be blocked?

DNA replication

43. Which number is closest to the number of known animal species living on Earth?

1,000,000

44. The famous experiments involving transplanting caps and stalks of the single-celled green alga, the "mermaid's parasol" Acetabularia, demonstrated that

information resides in the nucleus of a cell

45. The legs of a centipede, the fangs of a spider, and the claws of a crab all have the same basic structure, even though they are used for very different functions. Such structures are:

homologous

46. Which of the following must happen for new species to arise from populations of an ancestral species?

Separate populations must be isolated from each other.

47. Several classes of animals may be grouped together to make up a

phylum

48. Some serious disorders, such as Down's Syndrome, are caused by the presence of extra copies of one chromosome. This probably results from

an error in meiosis when the gametes are produced

49. The stage of mitosis at which the chromosomes first become visible under the light microscope is

prophase

50. What is the capital of Arkansas?

Ulan Bator Little Rock