Animal Structure and Function

I. Animal Nutrition

A. What are the nutritional requirements of animals?

• fuel to make ATP
• carbon skeletons
• essential nutrients

B. Bioenergetics of animals sets limits on behavior, growth and reproduction.

1. What is metabolic rate? How is it measured?

-crab on a treadmill

2. What are the two bioenergetic strategies employed by animals?

-endotherm; ectotherm

-endotherms have higher metabolic rates over the long run

What is a rate?

3. Why is metabolic rate inversely related to body size?

-s/v ratio

4. The use of energy by different animals is shown in an energy budget.

-endotherms require more total energy per kg than ectotherms; larger animals use more total energy than smaller animals

-small animals have higher energy demands than large animals measured per unit mass

C. How do homeostatic mechanisms manage cellular fuel?

1. What is homeostasis?

2. Why is homeostasis important?

3. How is homeostasis maintained?

-regulation of blood glucose level

D. Food Processing in Animals

1. Four stages of processing

2. Examples of different types of food processing

a. Intracellular Digestion

b. Extracellular Digestion

III. Animal Circulation

A. Why is diffusion alone not sufficient to transport materials in a multicellular animal?

time of diffusion ~= distance²

B. What are open and closed circulatory systems?

1. Open

2. Closed

C. Adaptations in Vertebrate Circulatory Systems

1. What is a cardiovascular system?

-heart

-vessels

-blood

2. How does differing metabolic rate help to explain the evolution of cardiovascular systems?

a. fish

-one way circulation; two chambered heart

b. amphibians

-double circulation; three chambered heart

c. mammals

-double circulation; four chambered heart

3. Mechanisms of capillary exchange

a. transport by membrane vesicle

b. diffusion

c. bulk flow

III. Gas Exchange in Animals

A. What gases are exchanged in animals?

B. What factors influence that rate of gas exchange?

Fick's Law (again)

-the respiratory surface

-structure of respiratory surface depends on size of organism and whether it lives on land or in water

C. What are the types of respiratory organs in large, multicellular animals?

1. Skin breathers

-earthworm

2. Gills

a. gills are an out-folding of the body surface

b. How does countercurrent exchange enhance the exchange of gases?

3. Tracheal systems

-insects

4. Lungs

a. Where are the lungs found?

b. What are lungs composed of?

c. How do differences in the size and complexity of the lungs help

explain an animals metabolic rate?

5. How is breathing accomplished?

a. Frog

-positive pressure breathing

b. Mammals

-negative pressure breathing

c. Birds

-lungs and air sacs

Why do birds have this adaptation?

IV. Animal Reproduction

A. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

1. Asexual Reproduction

-gemmules

-fragmentation

Fragmentation experiments with Planaria (flatworms)

From: http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction03.html

-Advantages? Disadvantages?

2. Sexual Reproduction

a. How are gametes formed?

b. What is fertilization?

c. Fertilization can be internal or external

• external
• internal

d. Sexual reproduction requires specialized organs