Review Questions

Make sure to go over the appropriate questions during exam preparation.

Chapter 1: 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-14, 1-16, 1-19

Also, consider these questions about cell and molecular evolution:

1. Discuss the in vitro evolution of mixtures of RNA molecules focusing on the chemical interactions that make this process work.

2. What forces act to create the "organic soup"? Why doesn't the "soup" in time breakdown into small molecules such as water, methane and carbon dioxide?

Chapter 2: 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-14, 2-15, 2-19, 2-20

Surface to Volume problems

Chapter 3: 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9 (A, C, G), 3-11, 3-13, 3-14 A, 3-15

Chapter 5: 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-12, 5-14, 5-15, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19

Also, consider the following problems:

1. The following (equilibrium) chemical reaction (from glycolysis) is common to all cells:

3-phosphoglycerate <---> 2-phosphoglycerate

If the appropriate enzyme is added to a solution of 3-phosphoglycerate buffered at pH 7 and 25 C, the ratio at equilibrium for the two species is 0.165 (2-phosphoglycerate/3-phosphoglycerate). Experimentally obtained values for the actual steady-state concentrations of these compounds in human red blood cells are 61 uM for 3-phosphoglycerate and 4.3 uM for 2-phosphoglycerate.

Calculate dG⁰. What does this value mean?

Calculate dG. What does this value mean?

2. Identify on a Michaelis-Menton plot for a typical enzyme catalyzed reaction, a) the region where the active site of the enzyme is occupied by substrate most of time; b) where the active site is free most of the time; c) the region of zero order kinetics; d) the region of first order kinetics; e) the range of substrate concentrations in which most enzymes usually function in normal cells; f) where reaction velocity is limited mainly by the number or activity of enzyme molecules present.

3. Explain how in vitro kinetic data on purified enzymes can explain the regulation of metabolism at branch points.

EXAM 2 STARTS HERE

Consider the following questions:

1. What did the development of the ultracentrifuge have in common with the invention of the electron microscope in terms of their effect on present-day cell biology? What are specific discoveries in genetics with a similar impacts on our understanding of cell structure and function?

2.Calculate the LR for a light microscope when specimens are viewed using green light and lenses with a NA = 1.0. 

3.Outline a cell fractionation protocol that will successfully isolate chloroplasts from spinach leaves.

Chapter 19: 19-1, 19-3, 19-5, 19-6, 19-7, 19-11, 19-12, 19-13, 19-14, 19-15

Chapter 11: 11-1, 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-6, 11-7, 11-8, 11-11, 11-12, 11-13, 11-15, 11-19

Chapter 12: 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, 12-9 (A-G), 12-10 (A-D), 12-11, 12-14, 12-15, 12-16, 12-17, 12-18

EXAM THREE STARTS HERE (Sorry, but not a lot of relevant questions in the text.  Remember to work on the questions "embedded" in the lecture outlines.)

Chapter 13: 13-11, 13-12, 13-13, 13-14, 13-15, 13-17, 13-19, 13-21, 13-22

Chapter 14: 14-9 (A,B, D-G)

Chapter 16: 16-15, 16-17