Alternation of generations _____.

Plants undergo alternation of generations in which _____.

The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature.

Gametangia are__________.

What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Vascular tissues of plants include __________.

In the life cycle of ferns, the multicellular female gametangium (the sex organ that contains an egg) is a(n) _____.

Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________.

The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____.

When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____.

Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) __________ and down the neck of a(n) __________.

The gametophyte generation of a moss _____,

Mosses __________.

The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____.

How are gametes produced by bryophytes?

Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)?

Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____.

If the "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases, what is true of the plant to which the frond belongs?

A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____.

Fern spores are __________, and the familiar, "leafy" fern plant itself is __________.

Both mosses and ferns possess _____.

To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____.

Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte?

Fern gametophytes are _____.

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

In which one of the following major plant groups do most of the species NOT produce flagellated sperm?

Which one of the following is true of seed plants, but not of seedless plants?

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____.

A pea pod is formed from ____. A pea inside the pod is formed from ____.

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

Which evolutionary advance gave the gymnosperms an adaptive advantage at the time they were evolving?

Seeds have advantages over spores. For example, __________.

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have _____.

Gymnosperms __________.

An explorer found a plant that had roots, stems, and leaves. It had no flowers but produced seeds. This plant sounds like a(n) _____.

Which of the following best describes how fertilization occurs in a conifer?

The male gametophyte in pine is commonly known as _____.

Pollen is __________ and contains __________.

All gametophytes are _____.

Most species of plants are _____.

The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the __________.

The portion of the flower that receives the pollen is the _____.

In the process of pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____.

Male floral parts include __________.

The "male" structures of angiosperms are called __________, and they produce __________.

A fruit is a mature _____.

After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit.

Which one of the following best describes the function of fruits?

What do the "mono-" and "-di-" refer to in "monocots" and "dicots"?

In a flowering plant, meiosis occurs within the _____, producing a spore that develops into a female gametophyte.

Meiosis will produce microspores in the _____.

What is endosperm?

A plant cell placed in a solution with a higher water potential will _____.

The rate of transpiration is expected to be greatest on a ____________ day.

What is the main source of energy that moves water upward in the trunk of a tree?

An undergraduate student had a terrarium on her windowsill containing various houseplants. She wondered why the glass was often fogged with water droplets. The undergraduate's friend, a graduate student who had taken a biology class, tried to explain that it was because of _____.

Normally when an aphid feeds by puncturing plant tissues, it does not have to suck the sap out. An inexperienced aphid, however, accidentally inserted its feeding tube in the wrong place and found the fluid in its gut being sucked out through the feeding tube. This aphid must have punctured _____.

Guard cells _____.

Which of the following would trigger the opening of stomata?

When would stomata close during the day?

Stomata can be opened or closed by guard cells. Closing the stomata at night __________.

In an apple tree that is producing sugars, sugar might flow from _____ to _____.

When referring to phloem transport, the "sink" in roots is created by _____.

Some seeds require light for germination, which is controlled by the phytochrome system. In which one of the following treatments would germination NOT occur?

Circadian rhythms are _____.

Photoperiodism is ____________.

Plant defenses against the herbivores that eat them include _____.

Chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate. They take good care of their young, and most chimps live a long life. The chimp survivorship curve would look like _____.

Which of the following describes the distribution of survivorship or mortality for a population that has a Type II survivorship curve?

When the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate, _____.

A population will always grow exponentially _____.

Which of the following populations probably exhibits exponential growth?

A population that is growing logistically _____.

In the logistic model, a smaller r will cause _____.

No population can grow indefinitely. The ultimate size of any population is limited by _____.

In developing countries, continued population growth occurs primarily because _____.

The logistic growth model differs from the exponential growth model in that it _____.

When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats lived in the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of _____.

The niche of an animal is _____.

Two species of cuckoo doves live in a group of islands off the coast of New Guinea. Of 33 islands, 14 have one species, 6 have the other, 13 have neither, and none has both. What might best explain this? The two species of birds could ______.

Under which of the following circumstances would interspecific competition be most obvious?

If the niches of two species are very similar, which one of the following is true?

What type of population interaction benefits neither population?

Flounder look like the sea floor. This is an example of _____.

Which of the following is an example of mimicry?

A tick has what type of relationship with a dog?

Which of the following is a primary producer?

When you eat an apple, you are a _____.

The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____.

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that _____.

Why is a diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level shaped like a pyramid?

Consider this segment of a food web: Snails and grasshoppers eat pepper plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies the trophic level(s) of a _____.

Biogeochemical cycles are crucial to ecosystem function because _____.

Which one of the following processes does NOT increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?